Framed Art Print edinburgh Scotland 1844 by Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
| The Right Honourable The Lord Brougham and Vaux PC QC FRS | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lord Loftier Chancellor of Great Britain | |
| In office 22 November 1830 – 9 July 1834 | |
| Monarch | William IV |
| Prime Minister | Earl Grayness |
| Preceded by | Lord Lyndhurst |
| Succeeded by | Lord Lyndhurst |
| Member of the Business firm of Lords Lord Temporal | |
| In office 22 Nov 1830 – seven May 1868 Hereditary Peerage | |
| Preceded past | Peerage created |
| Succeeded by | The 2nd Lord Brougham and Vaux |
| Member of Parliament for Knaresborough | |
| In part February 1830 – August 1830 | |
| Preceded by | George Tierney |
| Succeeded by | Henry Cavendish |
| Fellow member of Parliament for Winchelsea | |
| In office 1815 – Feb 1830 | |
| Preceded by | William Vane |
| Succeeded by | John Williams |
| Member of Parliament for Camelford | |
| In office 1810 – Nov 1812 | |
| Preceded by | Lord Henry Petty |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Scott |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1778-09-xix)19 September 1778 Cowgate, Edinburgh |
| Died | 7 May 1868(1868-05-07) (anile 89) Cannes, 2nd French Empire |
| Nationality | British |
| Party | Whig |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Anne Eden (1785–1865) |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
Sir Henry Brougham by John Adams Acton 1867
Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, PC, QC, FRS (; 19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868) was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor and played a prominent role in passing the 1832 Reform Human action and 1833 Slavery Abolitionism Human action.
Born in Edinburgh, Brougham helped found the Edinburgh Review in 1802 before moving to London, where he qualified as a barrister in 1808. Elected to the House of Commons in 1810 as a Whig, he was Member of Parliament for some constituencies until becoming a peer in 1834.
Brougham won popular renown for helping defeat the 1820 Pains and Penalties Bill, an attempt by the widely disliked George IV to annul his marriage to Caroline of Brunswick. He became an abet of liberal causes including abolitionism of the slave merchandise, free trade[ citation needed ] and parliamentary reform. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1830, he made a number of reforms intended to speed up legal cases and established the Fundamental Criminal Courtroom. He never regained government office after 1834 and although he played an active role in the House of Lords, he oft did so in opposition to his one-time colleagues.
Education was another area of interest. He helped plant the Society for the Improvidence of Useful Cognition and University College London, besides as holding some academic posts, including Rector, Academy of Edinburgh. In subsequently years he spent much of his time in the French town of Cannes, making it a popular resort for the British upper-classes; he died there in 1868.
Life [edit]
Early on life [edit]
Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh, the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742–1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland, and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family unit for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and the Academy of Edinburgh, where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also the law. He published several scientific papers through the Regal Society, notably on low-cal and colours and on prisms, and at the historic period of just 25 was elected a Fellow. Notwithstanding, Brougham chose police as his profession and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised trivial in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years afterwards he was called to the Bar. Non a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism to back up himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and chop-chop became known every bit its foremost contributor, with manufactures on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, verse, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts.[1]
In the early 19th century, Brougham, a follower of Newton, launched bearding attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young's inquiry, which proved lite was a moving ridge phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed credence of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Some other case of Lord Brougham'south scientific incompetence was his attack upon Sir William Herschel (1738–1822), a story is described past Pustiĺnik and Din.[2] Herschel found a correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices.[3] This met with stiff and widespread rejection, even ridicule as a "yard absurdity" from Lord Brougham. Herschel had to cancel further publications of these results. Seventy years later, the English economist W. Southward. Jevons indeed discovered x–xi-year intervals between high wheat prices, in agreement with the xi-yr cycle of solar activity discovered at those times. Miroslav Mikulecký, J. Střeštík and Five. Choluj[4] establish by cross-regression analysis shared periods betwixt climatic temperatures and wheat prices of 15 years for England, 16 years for France and 22 years for Federal republic of germany. They now believe they have found directly evidence of a causal connection between the ii.
Early career [edit]
The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of the mark from his starting time arrival in London. He chop-chop became a fixture in London society and gained the friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Strange Secretary, Charles James Fox, appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal, led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn, and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent. The mission aimed to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal. During these years he became a close supporter of the movement for the abolition of slavery, a crusade to which he was to exist passionately devoted for the remainder of his life. Despite existence a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait earlier being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford, a rotten civic controlled by the Knuckles of Bedford.[5]
He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Eatables, where he was one of the most frequent speakers and was regarded by some equally a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to have a downturn in 1812, when, standing as ane of two Whig candidates for Liverpool, he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816 when he was returned for Winchelsea. He apace resumed his position as i of the virtually forceful members of the House of Commons and worked especially in advocating a programme for the pedagogy of the poor, where he chaired the select committee which produced the influential Reports on the Didactics of the Lower Orders.[6] He was also a proponent of legal reform and information technology was on this subject area in 1828, he made a vi-60 minutes speech, the longest ever fabricated in the House of Commons.[vii]
Defence of Queen Caroline [edit]
In 1812 Brougham had become one of the chief advisers to Queen Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and hereafter George Four. This was to prove a key development in his life. In Apr 1820 Caroline, then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George Iv had succeeded to the throne on the expiry of his long incapacitated begetter George Three. Caroline was brought dorsum to United kingdom in June for appearances merely, only the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill, aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. Nevertheless, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman) that eloquently defended the Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV'southward diplomacy and his secret matrimony to a Roman Catholic, which could accept potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he concur back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now-famous speech in the House of Lords:
An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all the globe, and that person is his client. To relieve that client past all ways and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and amongst them, to himself, is his showtime and only duty; and in performing this duty he must not regard the alert, the torments, the devastation which he may bring upon others. Separating the duty of a patriot from that of an advocate, he must get on reckless of consequences, though it should be his unhappy fate to involve his country in confusion.
The spoken communication has since go legendary amongst defence lawyers for the principle of zealously advocating for 1's customer.[8] The neb passed, simply by the narrow margin of but 9 votes. Lord Liverpool, aware of the unpopularity of the pecker and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, and so withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess'south side, and the effect of the trial made Brougham ane of the most famous men in the country. His legal do on the Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King'southward Counsel.[1]
In 1826 Brougham, forth with Wellington, was 1 of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson. Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the volume offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the piece of work in substitution for a greenbacks payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity.[9] [10]
Lord Chancellor [edit]
ELECTORS OF THE Canton OF YORK
You honourably distinguished yourselves
In the Abolition OF THE SLAVE Trade
past your zealous back up of
WILLIAM WILBERFORCE
Who can be more worthy of your choice as a
REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE County
the enlightened friend and champion of Negro Freedom
HENRY BROUGHAM
past returning him
You WILL DO AN Honor TO THE COUNTY
and
A SERVICE TO HUMANITY[11]
Brougham remained a member of Parliament for Winchelsea until Feb 1830 when he was returned for Knaresborough. However, he represented Knaresborough only until August the same year, when he became one of four representatives for Yorkshire. His support for the firsthand abolition of slavery brought him enthusiastic back up in the industrial West Riding. The Reverend Benjamin Godwin of Bradford devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire voters who had supported William Wilberforce to support Brougham as a committed opponent of slavery[xi] However, Brougham was adopted every bit a Whig candidate by simply a tiny majority at the nomination meeting: the Whig gentry objecting that he had no connection with agronomical interests, and no connection with the county.[12] Brougham came second in the poll, behind the other Whig candidate; although the liberals of Leeds had placarded the town with claims that one of the Tory candidates supported slavery, this was strenuously denied by him.[thirteen]
In November the Tory regime led past the Knuckles of Wellington roughshod, and the Whigs came to ability under Lord Grey. Brougham joined the government as Lord Chancellor, although his opponents claimed he previously stated he would not accept office under Grey.[14] Brougham refused the post of Attorney General, but accepted that of Lord Chancellor, which he held for four years. On 22 November, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the Canton of Westmorland.[i] [15]
Brougham as Lord Chancellor (1830–1834)
The highlights of Brougham's fourth dimension in government were passing the 1832 Reform Human action and 1833 Slavery Abolitionism Act just he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville, who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his "genius and eloquence" was marred by "unprincipled and execrable judgement".[16] Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Greyness in July 1834, the assistants was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel'south Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in Apr 1835, he excluded Brougham, saying his bear was 1 of the main reasons for the autumn of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836.[ane]
Later on life [edit]
Bust of Henry Brougham in the Playfair Library of Edinburgh University's Erstwhile College
The championship page of British Constitution (1st ed., 1844), written by Brougham
Brougham was never to agree office again. Yet, for more than xxx years after his fall he continued to take an active part in the judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, simply standing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He likewise devoted much of his time to writing. He had connected to contribute to the Edinburgh Review, the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in the Time of George III. In 1834, he was elected a foreign fellow member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1837, Brougham presented a bill for public teaching, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length exist fabricated to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the pedagogy of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth".[17] [ page needed ]
In 1838, afterwards news came up of British colonies where the emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being desperately treated and discriminated confronting, Lord Brougham stated in the Business firm of Lords:
"The slave … is every bit fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint… . I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon every bit your slave!"[18]
Brougham was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838.[xix] He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell, William Paley'south Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in 4 volumes. The concluding of his works was his posthumous Autobiography. In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Scientific discipline and was its president at some congresses.[v]
In 1860, Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux, of Brougham in the Canton of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in the Canton of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in award of the corking services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolitionism of slavery.[5]
Family [edit]
Brougham was said to be the begetter of the writer Marie Bonfire de Bury. Her last proper name was Stuart or Stewart and she was born in Oban in Scotland in 1813.[20] She was sent to France when she was nine where she completed her instruction.
Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding, MP, in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter ane dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes, France, aged 89 and was buried in the Cimetière du One thousand Jas. [6] The cemetery is upward to the present dominated past Brougham'south statue, and he is honoured for his major part in edifice the city of Cannes.[21] His hatchment is in Ninekirks, which was then the parish church building of Brougham.
The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his expiry, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special residual past his younger blood brother William Brougham. [22]
Legacy [edit]
A brougham, of the style built to Lord Brougham's specification
He was the designer of the brougham, a four-wheeled, equus caballus-drawn style carriage that bears his name. Brougham's patronage fabricated the renowned French seaside resort of Cannes very pop. He accidentally found the place in 1835, when it was little more a fishing village on a picturesque coast, and bought in that location a tract of country and built on it. His option and his example made it the sanitorium of Europe. Attributable to Brougham's influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known equally the Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English").[23] The baron inspired others to seek wintertime warmth and own a second habitation in Cannes, he personally oversaw the building of 'Villa Elenore-Louise' which he named after his girl, so he lived in the villa himself. One of his friends became the riviera de facto manor agent owing to the building of Château Vallombrosa. The newly built villas made pop by Henry Brougham attracted royalty such equally Queen Victoria and the Russian Czar.[24]
A statue of him, inscribed "Lord Brougham", stands at the Cannes waterfront, beyond from the Palais des festivals et des congrès.[24]
Brougham holds the House of Eatables record for non-cease speaking at six hours.[25]
Brougham was nowadays at the trial of the world's first steam-powered ship on 14 October 1788 at Dalswinton Loch near Auldgirth, Dumfries and Galloway. William Symington of Wanlockhead built the two-cylindered engine for Patrick Miller of Dalswinton.[26]
Brougham Street and Brougham Place in Edinburgh are named in his memory.[27]
Works [edit]
Brougham wrote a prodigious number of treatises on science, philosophy, and history. Besides the writings mentioned in this article, he was the author of Dialogues on Instinct; with Analytical View of the Researches on Fossil Osteology, Lives of Statesmen, Philosophers, and Men of Science of the Time of George 3, Natural Theology, etc. His final work was an autobiography written in his 84th year and published in 1871.
Brougham's Political Philosophy was included on the Cambridge syllabus for History and Political Philosophy, where it was considered amid the major works on the topic along with Aristotle'southward Politics, François Guizot's Histoire de la civilization en Europe, and Henry Hallam'south Constitutional History.[28]
- Henry Brougham Brougham and Vaux (1838). Speeches of Henry Lord Brougham, Upon Questions Relating to Public Rights, Duties, and Interests: With Historical Introductions, and a Disquisitional Dissertation Upon the Eloquence of the Ancients, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, four vol. (online: vol. 1, 2, 3, four)[ page needed ]
- Brougham, Henry (1845). Historical sketches of statesmen who flourished in the time of George III. 2. Vol. 1. Ludgate street, London: Charles Knight & co. ISBN978-1270960287.
Henry Brougham, 1st Businesswoman Brougham and Vaux
- Brougham, Henry (1872). The works of Henry Brougham. Vol. 10. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
Artillery [edit]
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See also [edit]
- March of Intellect
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d EB (1911).
- ^ Solar Phys., 2004, vol. 223, pp. 335–56. As Regal Astronomer,
- ^ W. Herschel, Phil.Trans., 1801, vol. 91, p. 265.
- ^ The Conference "Man in his Terrestrial and Cosmic Environment", Úpice, Czech republic, 2010, Acad. Sci. Czech Rep., Prague.
- ^ a b c "BROUGHAM, Henry Peter (1778-1868), of Brougham Hall, Westmld. and five Hill Street, Mdx". historyofparliament . Retrieved eight November 2021.
- ^ a b EB (1911). sfnp error: no target: CITEREF_EB1911 (help)
- ^ Kelly, Jon, "The fine art of the delay: How do you talk for 24 hours straight?", BBC News Mag, 12 December 2012.
- ^ Uelmen, Gerald. "Lord Brougham'southward Bromide: Skillful Lawyers as Bad Citizens", Loyola of Los Angeles Police Review, November 1996.
- ^ Stockdale, E. (1990). "The unnecessary crunch: The background to the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840". Public Police: thirty–49. p. 36.
- ^ Bourne (1975).
- ^ a b Historical Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Bradford, Yorkshire Abolitionist Activity 1787–1865, James Gregory, Plymouth University, History & Art History, Academia.edu. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
- ^ "Meeting of the Freeholders in the Whig Interest in York". Yorkshire Gazette. 24 July 1830. p. iii.
- ^ "General Election: Yorkshire Election". Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser. seven August 1830. p. 3.
- ^ "NEW WRITS.—Comport OF LORD BROUGHAM". Hansard House of Eatables Debates. 1: cc636-49. 23 November 1830. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ^ "Grosvenor Prints, "A matter of credit"". grosvenorprints.com.
- ^ Greville, Charles (2005). Edward, Pearce (ed.). The Diaries of Charles Greville. London: Pimlico. p. xi. ISBN978-1844134045.
- ^ Green, Andy (1990). Educational activity and State Germination: The Ascension of Educational activity Systems in England, French republic and the The states . Macmillan. ISBN978-0333571033.
- ^ Quoted in the "Lawyers on the Edge" website
- ^ Officers of the Marischal College & Academy of Aberdeen, 1593-1860.
- ^ Egloff, Rachel Margaret (February 2020). "A Study of the Life and Works of Blaze de Bury: A Counter-Narrative of a Transcultural Woman'south Involvement in Nineteenth Century European Politics" (PDF). PhD thesis for Oxford Brookes University.
- ^ "Historian hails Edinburgh-built-in slavery abolitionist who 'invented' Cannes". edinburghnews.scotsman.com . Retrieved eighteen June 2020.
- ^ a b Debrett's peerage 1921. archive.org. p. 143. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Cadillac Terms and Definitions A-C". Cadillacdatabase.net. 1996. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ a b "Cannes History: The celebrity who fabricated Cannes". iconicriviera.com. 22 November 2019.
- ^ "Hansard, 8 May 1989, Column 581". HMSO. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- ^ Innes, Brian (1988). The Story of Scotland.. v. 3, part 33, p. 905.
- ^ Past The Three Corking Roads, Aberdeen University Press
- ^ Collini, Stefan (1983). That Noble Science of Politics: A Written report in Nineteenth-Century Intellectual History. Cambridge University Press. p. 346.
Attribution [edit]
External links [edit]
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux
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